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1 truth criterion
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > truth criterion
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2 truth criterion
Математика: критерий истинности -
3 truth criterion
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4 truth criterion
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > truth criterion
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5 criterion
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6 truth
nистина, правдаto conceal the truth — скрывать / утаивать правду
- criterion of the truthto hide the truth — скрывать / утаивать правду
- hard truth
- historical truth
- naked truth
- objective truth
- relative truth
- shimmer of the truth
- social truth
- the public wants to be trusted with the truth
- universal truth -
7 criterion
(pl. criteria) კრიტერიუმი, საზომი -
8 criterion of truth
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > criterion of truth
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9 criterion of truth
Математика: критерий истинности -
10 criterion of the truth
Politics english-russian dictionary > criterion of the truth
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11 criterion of truth
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12 criterion of truth
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > criterion of truth
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13 критерий истинности
criterion of truth мат., truth criterionРусско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > критерий истинности
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14 критерий истинности
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > критерий истинности
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15 критерий истинности
Mathematics: criterion of truth, truth criterionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > критерий истинности
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16 критерий истины
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17 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
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18 kryteri|um
n 1. (miernik) criterion- bogactwo i popularność to najczęściej uznawane kryteria sukcesu wealth and popularity are the most widely acknowledged criteria of success- jakie kryteria muszą spełnić kandydaci? what criteria do applicants for the position need to meet a. fulfil?- głównym kryterium wyboru mieszkania była jego lokalizacja location was the main criterion for choosing a flat- ocenić coś na podstawie ogólnie przyjętych kryteriów to evaluate sth according to generally accepted criteria2. Sport circuit (cycle) race- kryterium uliczne the street a. city circuit raceThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kryteri|um
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19 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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20 fidelity
1. n верность, преданность, лояльность2. n точность, верность, правильность3. n тех. радио верность воспроизведенияСинонимический ряд:1. faithfulness (noun) adherence; adhesion; allegiance; ardor; ardour; attachment; constancy; devotion; faithfulness; fealty; loyalty; piety; steadfastness2. honesty (noun) honesty; integrity; probity3. truth (noun) accuracy; closeness; correctness; exactitude; exactness; precision; scrupulousness; truth; veracityАнтонимический ряд:disaffection; disloyalty; double-dealing; falseness; inaccuracy; infidelity; lying; perfidiousness; prevarication; treachery
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См. также в других словарях:
Truth — • Defines ontological, logical, and moral truth Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Truth Truth † … Catholic encyclopedia
TRUTH — (Heb. אֱמֶת, ʾemet). The Bible often speaks of God as the God of truth (e.g., Jer. 10:10; Ps. 31:6), as does the Talmud where this synonymity climaxes in the famous dictum: The Seal of God is truth (Shab. 55a; TJ, Sanh. 1:5). The same idea is… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Truth — For other uses, see Truth (disambiguation). Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, François Lemoyne, 1737 Truth has a variety of meanings, such as the state of being in accord with fact or reality … Wikipedia
Criteria of truth — In epistemology, criteria of truth (or tests of truth) are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims. They are tools of verification. Understanding a philosophy s criteria of truth is fundamental to a clear… … Wikipedia
Language, Truth, and Logic — is a work of philosophy by Alfred Jules Ayer, published in 1936 when Ayer was only 26 (though it was in fact completed by age 24). It was crucial in bringing some of the ideas of the Vienna Circle and the logical empiricists to the attention of… … Wikipedia
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List of Criterion Collection DVD and Blu-ray releases — The Criterion logo The Criterion Collection is a video distribution company that sells important classic and contemporary films in editions that offer the highest technical quality and award winning, original supplements. [1] Janus … Wikipedia
Consensus theory of truth — A consensus theory of truth is any theory of truth that refers to a concept of consensus as a part of its concept of truth. Contents 1 Varieties of consensus 1.1 Consensus gentium 1.2 Consensus as a regulative ideal … Wikipedia
Cohn's irreducibility criterion — Arthur Cohn s irreducibility criterion is a test to determine whether a polynomial is irreducible in . The criterion is often stated as follows: If a prime number p is expressed in base 10 as (where ) then the polynomial is irreducible in … Wikipedia
25. THE CRITERION (al-Furqan) — In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful. 1. Blessed is He who sent down the Criterion upon His servant, to be a warning to humanity. 2. He to whom belongs the kingdom of the heavens and the earth, who took to Himself no son, who never had… … Quran. Talal Itani translate
ideal limit theory of truth — The theory of truth as that which would be agreed upon in the ideal limit of enquiry. This view was suggested by Peirce in his essay ‘How to Make our Ideas Clear’ (1868). Its principal merit is to connect together the idea of truth as the goal of … Philosophy dictionary
